沙之天地

以下是我的試譯稿，雖然想要寄出去，但是到最後不打算寄了，因為掃描機壞了，也因為我發現我最近事情超級多，忙都忙不完，對方又只給八個月的時間翻，嚴重影響到我的計畫

所以還是只能過乾癮......

最後面的一段沒存好檔，漏掉了，也懶得再重翻一遍，所以請加減看，總算知道職員的悲哀了......

試譯稿3

Bootstrapping Democracy: Transforming Local Governance and Civil Society in Brazil

步步為營的民主：改變巴西當地的治理方式以及公民社會

Although the concept of civil society has a long and complicated history inpolitical theory, it is only in recent decades that it has become an object of sustained empirical interest. After a first revival in the late 1980s driven by the waves of democratization in Eastern Europe and Latin America (Kaldor2004), and subsequent world events like the World Social Forum, the idea of civilsociety has continued to animate a variety of scholarship on the potentials and pitfalls of associational life. Civil society has been referred to as a “millennial idea” (Comaroff and Comaroff 2001), and its rediscovery marks a turning point in political sociology. Somers has argued that for much of the twentieth century, political sociology worked with the assumption that there were “only two essential towering protagonists of social organization that forged the modern world: the modern administrative state and the market economy” (1995, 230). It has now become commonplace to theorize civil society as a necessary third leg of modernity providing a necessary complement to the market and the state. As Somers argues, “It has been called a ‘third’ space of popular social movements and collective mobilization, of informal networks and associations, and of community solidarities that sustain a participatory public life symbolized not by the sovereign individualism of the market or by the state” (1995, 230).

雖然公民社會的概念在政治學理論上擁有長遠複雜的歷史，但是近幾十年內才變成實證興趣研究的對象。第一次復興在１９８０年代末期，由東歐和拉丁美洲的民主浪潮，以及隨之而來的世界社會論壇（ＷＳＦ）驅動而起（Kaldor 2004），在那之後，和公民社會有關的想法持續激活各種各樣對於社團生活想像的可能性和陰謀論的學術研究。「公民社會」一詞被歸類為「Ｙ（千禧）世代的想法」（Comaroff and Comaroff 2001），它的再發現為政治社會學劃下轉捩點。Somers便表明，在大部份的二十世紀裡，政治社會學一直和某個假說共同運作，這個假說就是：「只有兩種基礎凌駕於形成現代社會的社會組織參與者：現代行政國家與市場經濟體。」（1995, 230）政治社會學為「市場」和「國家」之外作出重要補充，成為建立公民社會理論的現代第三重要觀念，並普遍流傳。如同Somers表明的：「它已經被稱為一個『第三度空間』，集合大眾社會運動與集體動員、非正式的網路和團體、以及象徵非藉由市場或國家主導的、維持公眾參與的社群團結於一身。」

Certain scholarly works, such as the 1989 English translation of Habermas’s The Public Sphere and the publication of Putnam, Leonardi, and Nanetti’s Making Democracy Work, have been particularly influential in shaping the debate and most notably in reconceptualizing democracy from the vantage point of civil society. Our toolkit for understanding democratization has been expanded to include concepts such as the “public sphere” and “citizenship,” concepts that have been specifically developed to highlight how political practices areculturally specific to peoples, places, and issues (Dagnino 1998; Mahajan 1999).

一些學術工作像是１９８９年尤爾根‧哈伯馬斯的《公共領域》（The Public Sphere）英文翻譯以及羅伯特D.帕特南、Leonardi以及Nanetti等三人的著作《使民主運轉起來》，對於塑造辯論以及再概念化來自公民社會的制高點的民主特別有影響力。